Motor Test

Motor Test

Armature Tester
Hacksaw Blade
Armature

Starting System Test

Starting System Test

Ignition Switch
Starting Safety Switch
Remote Starter Switch
Solenoid
Voltmeter
Battery

Charging System

Charging System

Battery
Ammeter
Ignition Switch
Voltage Regulator
Alternator

Steering and Suspension System Service

Problem

Hard steering.

Cause

Power steering inoperative. Low or uneven tire pressure. Friction in steering gear. Friction in steering linkage. Friction in ball joints. Excessive positive caster. Body or frame bent or misaligned.

Solution

Inflate tire pressure to correct pressure. Lubricate, adjust or repair steering gear. Lubricate, adjust or repair steering linkage. Lubricate or repair ball joints. Align wheels. Straighten, replace or adjust body or frame bent.

Problem

Excessive play in steering.

Cause

Looseness in steering gear. Looseness in steering linkage. Worn ball joints or steering knuckle parts. Loose wheel bearing.

Solution

Adjust or replace worn parts in steering gear. Adjust or replace steering linkage. Replace ball joints or steering knuckle parts. Adjust wheel bearing.

Problem

Wander drift from one side to other side.

Cause

Mismatched tires or uneven pressure. Linkage binding. Steering gear binding. Excessive toe out. Looseness in linkage. Looseness in steering gear. Looseness in ball joints. Loose leaf spring. Unequal load in vehicle. Stabilizer bar ineffective.

Solution

Correct the mismatch tires or uneven pressure. Adjust, lubricate or replace linkage binding. Adjust, lubricate or replace worn parts in steering gear binding. Align wheels. Adjust or replace in linkage. Adjust or replace worn parts in steering gear. Replace ball joints. Tighten the leaf spring. Adjust load in vehicle. Tighten or replace stabilizer bar.

Problem

Steering pulls to one side.

Cause

Uneven tire pressure. Uneven caster or camber. Tight wheel bearing. Uneven springs such as sagging, broken, loose attachment. Uneven tortion bar adjustment. Brakes dragging.

Solution

Inflate to correct pressure. Align wheels. Adjust or replace wheel bearing. Tighten or replace defective parts on springs. Adjust tortion bar. Adjust or repair brakes.

Rear Wheel Drive Line System Service

Problem

Leak at front slip yoke, an occasional drop of lubricant leaking from splined yoke is normal.

Cause

Rough outside surface on spline yoke. Defective transmission rear oil seal.

Solution

Replace seal if cut by burrs on yoke. Minor burrs can be smoothed by careful use of crocus cloth or honing with a fine stone. Replace yoke if outside surface is very rough or badly burred. Replace rear transmission oil seal. Bring transmission oil up to proper level after correction.

Problem

Knock in drive line, clucking noise when car is operated under floating condition at 10 mph or 16 kph  in high gear or neutral.

Cause

Worn or damaged universal joints. Slide gear hub counter bore in differential worn oversize.

Solution

Replace universal joints. Replace differential case or  side gears as required.

Problem

Ping, snap or click in drive line. Usually occurs on initial load application after transmission has been put in gear either forward or reverse.

Cause

Loose bushing bolts in upper or lower control arm. Loose companion flange.

Solution

Tighten bolts to specified torque. Remove companion flange, turn 180  degrees from its original position lubricate splines and reinstall. Tighten pinion nut to specified torque.

Problem

Roughness at low speed light load at 15 to 35 mph or 24 to 56 kph.

Cause

U bolt clamp nuts excessively tight.

Solution

Check and tighten to specified torque. If torque was excessive or if brinelled pattern on trunnions. Replace U joints.

Problem

Scraping noise.

Cause

Oil slinger, companion flange or end yoke rubbing on rear axle carrier.

Solution

Straighten or replace oil slinger, companion flange or end yoke rubbing on rear axle carrier to remove interference.

Manual Transmission System Service

Problem

Hard shifting into gear. 

Cause

Shift shaft or interlock binding. Clutch cable not adjusted properly. Bent or worn shift fork. Worn shift shaft. Gear or synchronizer sleeve tight on shaft or splines. Worn synchronizer rings or spring.s. Worn or stripped external teeth on gear. Input shaft or pilot bearing binding. Low lubricant level. Improper lubricant used.

Solution

Free shaft or interlock binding. Check adjust or replace clutch cable not adjusted properly. Replace shift fork. Replace shift shaft. Replace worn parts. Replace gear. Replace pilot bearing or input shaft. Fill to proper lubricant level. Drain and refill with specified lubricant.

Problem

Transmission sticks in gear.

Cause

Shift shaft or interlock binding. Shift detent sticking. Clutch not engaging. Synchronizer binding. Low lubricant level.

Solution

Free shaft and interlock binding. Free shift. Repair clutch cable. Replace synchronizer. Fill to proper lubricant level.

Problem

Transmission jumps out of gear.

Cause

Weak detent spring. Worn input or output shaft bearing. Worn pilot bearing. Excessive shaft or gear end play. Worn synchronizer. sleeve. Loose or broken input shaft retainer. Loose transmission or clutch housing. Misaligned transmission.

Solution

Replace detent spring. Replace input or output shaft bearing. Replace pilot bearing. Replace worn thrust washer. Replace synchronizer and gear. Replace input shaft retainer. Tighten attaching bolts. Check transmission alignment.

Problem

Gear clash when shifting.

Cause

Worn synchronizer. Clutch dragging. Pilot bearing or input shaft binding. High engine idle speed. Low lubricant level or improper lubricant.

Solution

Replace synchronizer. Repair clutch. Replace bearing or shaft. Adjust engine speed. Fill with correct lubricant to proper level.

Problem

Transmission noisy in neutral.

Cause

Worn pilot shaft bearing. Broken or worn gear.

Solution

Replace pilot shaft bearing. Replace gear.

Clutch System Service

Problem

Clutch slips while engaged.

Cause

Incorrect clutch linkage adjustment. Broken or weak pressure spring. Binding in clutch linkage. Broken engine mount. Worn friction disc facing. Grease or oil on disc facing. Incorrectly adjusted release levers. Wrapped friction disc.

Solution

Adjust clutch linkage adjustment. Replace pressure plate assembly. Free, adjust and lubricate clutch linkage. Replace engine mount. Replace disc facing. Adjust release levers. Wraped friction disc.

Problem

Clutch chatters or grabs while engaging.

Cause

Binding in clutch linkage. Broken engine mount. Oil or grease on disc facing or glazed or loose facing. Binding on friction disc hub on clutch shaft. Broken disc facing, springs or pressure plate. Warped friction disc.

Solution

Free, adjust and lubricate linkage. Replace engine mount. Replace disc facing. Clean and lubricate splines. Replace defective parts. Replace broken parts of disc facing, springs or pressure plate. Replace friction disc.

Problem

Clutch spins or drags while disengaged.

Cause

Incorrect linkage adjustment or operation. Warped friction disc or pressure plate. Loose friction disc or disc facing. Improper release lever adjustment. Friction disc hub binding on clutch shaft. Broken engine parts. 

Solution

Adjust, repair or replace linkage adjustment. Replace defective parts on friction disc or pressure plate. Replace disc. Adjust release lever adjustment. Clean and lubricates splines. Replace defective parts. Replace engine parts.

Problem

Clutch noisy while engaged.

Cause

Friction disc hub loose on clutch shaft. Friction disc dampener springs broken or weak. Misalignment of engine and transmission.

Solution

Replace worn parts. Replace disc. Align engine and transmission.

Problem

Clutch noisy while disengaged.

Cause

Release bearing worn, binding or out of lubricant. Release levers not properly adjusted. Pilot bearing in crank shaft worn or out of lubricant. Diaphragm spring worn or damaged.

Solution

Replace bearing. Adjust or replace pressure plate assembly. Lubricate or replace crank shaft. Replace pressure plate assembly.

Valve System Service

Problem

Valve sticking.

Cause

Deposits on valve stem. Worn valve guide. Warped valve stem. Insufficient oil. Overheating valves.

Solution

Clean or remove valve stem deposits. Replace valve. Check oil or service lubricating system.

Problem

Valve burning.

Cause

Valve sticking. Distorted valve seat. Valve tappet clearance too small. Spring cocked or weak. Overheated engine. Lean air fuel mixture. Preignition. Detonation. Valve seat leakage

Solution

Check cooling system, tighten cylinder head bolts.  Adjust.  Replace spring.  Check cooling system.  Service fuel system.  Clean carbon from engine, use cooler plugs.  Adjust ignition timing, use higher octane fuel.  Replace valve face and seat.  Replace valve guide.

Problem

Valve breakage.

Cause

Valve burning.  Detonation.  Excessive valve tappet clearance.  Valve sticking.  Scratches on valve system.

Solution

Adjust ignition timing, use higher octane fuel.  Adjust.  Replace valve.

Problem

Valve-face wear

Cause

Excessive valve tappet clearance.  Dirt on face.

Solution

Adjust.  Clean, check air cleaner.

Problem

Valve deposits

Cause

Carbon from rich mixture.  Worn valve guides.  Carbon from poor combustion.  Dirty or wrong oil.

Solution

Service fuel system.  Replace.  Service fuel system, ignition or service engine.  Replace oil.

Engine Trouble Service

Problem

Engine will not crank.

Cause

Run down battery. Starting circuit open. Starting motor jammed. Engine stuck up. Transmission not in nuetral or park.

Solution

Recharge or replace battery, jump start engine. Check dirty or loose connection, check starter safety switches. Remove starting motor and repair. Service engine. Move shift lever.

Problem

Engine cranks slowly but will not start.

Cause

Run down battery. Defective starting motor. Bad Connections in starting system.

Solution

Recharge or replace battery, jump start engine. Repair or replace starting motor. Repair, clean and tighten connections.

Problem

Engine cranks at normal speed but will not start.

Cause

Defective ignition system. Defective fuel system. Air leak into intake manifold. Engine defective. Plugged fuel filter. Restricted exhaust system.

Solution

Spark test, check ignition timing. Check fuel system components. Tighten connections or replace gasket. Check compression or leakage. Check or replace fuel filter. Clean or clear restricted exhaust system.

Problem

Engine sluggish, stumbles, lacks power, acceleration or high speed performance, hot or cold.

Cause

Defective ignition system. Defective fuel system. Restricted exhaust system. Loss of compression. Carbon build up in engine. Defective valve action. Thick engine oil. Wrong, bad or dirty fuel.

Solution

Check ignition system components. Check fuel system components. Check catalytic converter, muffler and tail pipe. Check or test compression.Service engine. Check tappet clearance, check cam lobe. Use specified engine oil. Change fuel or use recommended fuel.

Problem
Engine lacks power or high speed performance when hot only.

Cause
Engine overheats. Choke stuck. Manifold heat control valve stuck. Vapor lock.

Solution
Check cooling system. Free, repair or replace choke stuck. Free valve. Use different fuel or shield fuel line.

Ignition System

Problem

Engine cranks normally but fails to start.

Cause

No voltage to ignition system. Ignition module lead open, grounded, loose or corroded. Primary connections not tight. Ignition coil open or shorted. Defective reluctor or pick up coil. The ignition module is defective. Defective distributor cap or rotor. Faulty  fuel system. Engine faulty.

Solution

Check battery, ignition switch, wiring. Repair as needed. Clean, seat connectors. Test coil, replace if defective. Replace reluctor or pick up coil. Replace ignition module. Replace distributor cap or rotor. Check fuel system. Check engine and service if required.

Problem
Engine backfires but fails to start.

Cause
Incorrect timing. Moisture in distributor cap. Voltage leak across the cap. Secondary cables not connected in firing order. Cross firing between secondary cables.

Solution

Set timing. Dry the cap. Replace the cap. Reconnect secondary cables correctly. Replace defective cables.

Problem
Engine runs but misses.

Cause
Spark plugs fouled or faulty. Cap or rotor faulty. Secondary cables defective. Defective ignition coil. Bad connections. High voltage leaks. Advance mechanism defective. Defective fuel system. Mechanical engine problems.

Solution
Clean, regap or replace spark plugs. Replace cap or rotor. Replace secondary cables. Replace ignition coil. Clean or tighten bad connections. Check cap, rotor or secondary cables. Check, repair or replace advance mechanism. Check fuel system. Repair or service engine.

Problem
Engine overheats.

Cause
Late timing. Lack of coolant or other trouble in cooling system. Late valve timing or other.

Solution
Set ignition timing. Check camshaft timing, tappet clearance, adjust if needed.

Problem
Engine springs spark knock.

Cause
Incorrect timing. Wrong fuel used. Defective advance mechanism. Carbon build up in cylinders.

Solution
Set ignition timing. Use correct fuel as recommended. Repair or replace advance mechanism. Service engine.

Problem
Spark plug defective.

Cause
Cracked insulator. Carbon filled spark plug. Busted spark plug.

Solution
Set ignition timing. Clean spark plug. Install new spark plug.

Problem

Engine runs on or diesels.

Cause

Idle solenoid out of adjustment or fuel shut off faulty. Hot spots in combustion chamber. Engine overheating. Advance timing.

Solution

Adjust or replace solenoid. Service engine. Set ignition timing.

Valve Trouble Service

Problem
Valve is sticking.
Cause
There are deposits on valve stem. Worn valve guide. Warped valve stem. There is insufficient oil. The valves are overheating.
Solution
Clean or remove the deposits. Replace the valve. Check the oil, service the lubricating system.

Problem

Valve burning.

Cause

Valve is sticking. The valve seat id distorted. The valve tappet clearance is too small. Spring cocked or weak. The engine is overheated. Lean air fuel mixture. Pre ignition problem. Detonation problem. The valve seat has leakage. Loose valve guide.

Solution

Check cooling system and tighten the cylinder head bolts.  Adjust the valve tappet clearance. Replace spring. Check cooling system. Service fuel system. Clean carbon from engine and use cooler plugs. Adjust the ignition timing and use higher octane fuel. Relap valve face and seat. Replace valve guide.

Problem

Valve breakage.

Cause

The valve is burning. Detonation problem. Excessive valve tappet clearance. The valve is sticking. There are scratches on valve stem.

Solution

Adjust the ignition timing and use higher octane fuel. Adjust valve tappet clearance. Replace valve.

Problem

Valve face wear.

Cause

Excessive valve tappet clearance. Dirt on face valve.

Solution

Adjust the valve tappet clearance. Clean and check air cleaner.

Problem

Valve deposits.

Cause

There is carbon from rich mixture. The valve guides are worn. There is carbon from poor combustion. Used of dirty and wrong oil. 

Solution

Service fuel system. Replace worn valve guides. Service fuel system, ignition or service engine. Replace oil.

Charging System Service

Problem

Battery does not stay charged but engine starts okey.

Cause

Battery is defective. Loose or worn alternator belt. Damaged or worn wiring cables. The alternators are defective. The regulators are defective. There are other electrical system malfunction.

Solution

Test the battery or replace the battery if necessary. Adjust or replace the alternator belt. Test and replace components as required. Test or replace regulator if necessary. Check other system for current draw.

Problem
Alternator is noisy.

Cause
Loose or worn  alternator belt. Bent pulley flanges. The alternator is defective. Loose alternator mounting.

Solution

Adjust belt tension or replace if worn. Replace the pulley. Service or replace the alternator. Tighten the alternator mounting.

Problem
Lights or fuses out frequently.

Cause
Wiring is worn or damaged. The alternator or regulator is defective. The battery is defective.

Solution

Service is required. Test, service and replace alternator or regulator if necessary. 

Problem
Charge indicator lights flicker after engine starts or comes on  while driving.

Cause
Loose or worn alternator belt. The alternator is defective. Field circuit ground is defective. The regulator is defective. The light circuit wiring or connector is defective.

Solution

Adjust tension or replace the alternator belt. Service or replace the alternator. Service or replace wiring or connection of field circuit. Test or replace regulator if necessary. Repair light circuit wiring or connector as required.

Problem
Charge indicator light flickers while driving.

Cause
Loose or worn alternator belt. Loose or improper wiring connections. Alternator is defective. Regulator is defective.

Solution

Adjust tension or replace alternator belt. Service wiring connections as required. Service or replace alternator. Test or replace regulator if necessary.

Problem
Charge indicator gauge or meter shows discharge.

Cause
Loose or worn alternator belt. Damaged or worn wiring or battery to alternator for ground or open. Field circuit ground is defective. The alternator is defective, The regulator is defective. Gauge or meter wiring or connections is defective. Damaged or worn gauge or meter. Other electrical system malfunction.

Solution
Adjust tension or replace alternator belt. Replace or repair wiring.  Service or repair the alternator. Test and replace regulator if necessary. Service gauge or meter wiring as required. Replace worn gauge or meter. Service electrical system as required.

Starting System Service

Problem

No cranking and lights stay bright.

Cause

There is an open circuit in ignition switch. Open switch in starting motor. Open circuit in control circuit. Open fusible links.

Solution

Check switch contacts and connections. Check commutator, brushes and connections. Check solenoid, relay, switch and connections. Correct condition causing link to blow and replace link.

Problem

No cranking and lights dim heavily.

Cause

There is trouble in engine. The battery is low. Temperature is very low. Frozen armature bearings and short in starting motor.

Solution

Check engine to find the trouble. Check, recharge or change battery. Battery must fully charged with engine wiring circuit and starting motor in good condition. Repair starting motor.

Problem

No cranking and lights dim slightly.

Cause

Faulty or slipping drive. Excessive resistance or open circuit.

Solution

Replace parts of drive. Clean commutator, replace brushes, repair poor connections.

Problem

No cranking and lights go out.

Cause

Poor connection probably at battery.

Solution

Clean cable clamp and terminal and tighten clamp.

Problem

No cranking and no lights.

Cause

The battery is dead. Open circuit.

Solution

Recharge or replace the battery. Clean and tighten connections and replace wirings.

Problem

Engine cranks slowly but does not start.

Cause

The battery run down. The temperature is very low. Starting motor is defective. Undersized battery cables or battery. Mechanical trouble in engine.

Solution

Check, recharge or replace the battery. Battery must be fully charged. Engine, wiring circuit and starting motor must be in good condition. Test starting motor. Install cables or battery of adequate size and check engine.

Problem

Engine cranks at normal speed but does not start.

Cause

The ignition system is defection. The fuel system is defective. Air leaks in intake manifold or carburetor. The engine is defective.

Solution

Make spark test, check timing and check ignition system. Check fuel pump, line, carburetor or fuel injection system. Tighten mounting and replace gasket as needed. Check compression and valve timing.

Problem

Relay or solenoid chatters.

Cause

Hold in winding open. The battery is low. The contacts are burned.

Solution

Replace the solenoid. Charge the battery. Replace the burned contacts.

Problem

Pinion disengages slowly after starting.

Cause

Sticky solenoid plunger. Overrunning clutch sticks on armature shaft. Overrunning clutch defective. Shift lever return spring weak.

Solution

Clean and free the plunger. Clean armature shaft and clutch sleeve. Replace the clutch. Install a new spring.

Problem

Unusual noise.

Cause

High pitched whine during cranking before the engines fire. High pitched whine after engine fires as key is released. Loup whoop, buzzing or siren sound after engine fires but while starter engaged. Sounds like siren if engine is rewed. Rumble, growl or knock as starter is coating to a stop after engine starts.

Solution

There is too much clearance between pinion and ring gear. There is little clearance between pinion and ring gear. Defective overrunning clutch. Bent or unbalanced armature.

Cooling System Service

Problem

Leak and loss of coolant.

Cause

Pressure cap and gasket defective. External leakage. Internal leakage.

Solution

Inspect, wash and pressure test pressure cap. Replace cap if it will not hold pressure.  Test pressure system. Inspect connections, gasket, plugs, pumps and hose. Check bolt torque. Disassemble engine if necessary and inspect head gasket and crack head block.

Problem

Engine overheats.

Cause

Low coolant. Loose belt. Pressure cap defective. Radiator or air conditioner condenser obstructed. Thermostat stuck closed. Fan clutched. Electric fan motor or switch defective. Ignition faulty. Coolant flow obstructed. Exhausted system restricted.

Solution

Fill and check leakage in coolant. Adjust and replace belt if worn. Test, replace thermostat if defective. Replace fan clutch. Test ignition and time if necessary. Check water pump, hoses and radiator block. Check for restriction on exhausted system.

Problem

Engine does not reach or slow in reaching operating temperature.

Cause

Open or missing thermostat.

Solution

Test. replace or install thermostat if necessary.

Injection Nozzle Service

Problem

Engine cranks normally but will not start.

Cause

Incorrect or dirty fuel. No fuel to nozzles or injection pump. Plugged fuel return line. Pump timing off. Inoperative glow plugs, incorrect starting procedure or internal engine problems.

Solution

Flush system and use correct fuel. Check return line clean. Retime pump timing.

Problem

Engine starts but stalls at idle.

Cause

Fuel low in tank. Incorrect or dirty fuel. Limited fuel to nozzles or injection pump. Restricted fuel return line. Idle incorrectly set. Pump timing off. Injection pump trouble. Internal engine problem.

Solution

Fill tank. Flush system and use correct fuel. Check for fuel to nozzles and to pump. Check return line clean. Reset idle. Retime pump timing. Install new pump.

Problem

Rougle idle, no abnormal noise or smoke.

Cause

Low idle incorrect. Injection line leaks. Restricted fuel return line. Nozzle trouble. Fuel supply pump problem. Uneven fuel distribution to nozzles. Incorrect or dirty fuel.

Solution

Adjust low idle. Fix leaks in injection line. Clear fuel return line. Check, repair or replace nozzle. Check, replace if necessary the fuel supply pump. Selective replace of nozzle until condition clears up. Flush system and use correct fuel.

Problem

Rough idle with abnormal noise and smoke.

Cause

Injection pump timing off. Nozzle trouble.

Solution

Retime injection pump timing. Check cylinders in sequence to find defective nozzle.

Problem

Idle is fine but misfires as throttle opens.

Cause

Plugged fuel filter. Injection pump timing off. Incorrect or dirty fuel.

Solution

Replace fuel filter. Retime injection pump timing. Flush system and use correct fuel.

Problem

Loss of power.

Cause

Incorrect or dirty fuel. Restricted fuel return line. Plugged fuel tank vent. Restricted fuel supply. Plugged fuel filter. Plugged nozzle. Internal engine problems or loss of compression and compression leaks.

Solution

Flush system and use correct fuel. Clear fuel return line. Clean fuel tank vent. Check fuel lines, fuel supply pump and injection pump. Replace fuel filter. Selective test nozzles and replace as necessary.

Problem

Noise rap from one or more cylinders.

Cause

Air in fuel system. Gasoline in fuel system. Air in high pressure line. Nozzle sticking open or with low opening pressure. Engine problems.

Solution

Check for cause and correct in fuel system. Replace fuel in fuel system. Bleed system in high pressure line. Replace defective nozzle.

Problem

Combustion noise with excessive black smoke.

Cause

Timing off. Injection pump trouble. Nozzle sticking open. Internal engine problems.

Solution

Rest idle timing. replace pump in injection pump. Clean or replace nozzle.

Disc Brake Parts

Disc Brake Parts consist of the following:

Inner Shim B
Inner Shim A
Wear Indicator
Outer Pad Shim
Caliper Bracket
Pad Retainers
Caliper Bracket
Pin Boots
Piston
Piston Boot
Brake Pads
Piston Seal
Pin A
Pin B
Bushing
Brake Hose
Sealing Washers
Bleed Screw
Caliper Body

Ignition System Service

Checking and testing of the ignition coil primary winding and secondary winding resistance. By the use of multi tester, test the resistance between positive and negative terminal of ignition coil. The test must have 1.3 to 1.6 ohms resistance. Test secondary winding resistance between positive terminal and center tower terminal. It must have 10.7 to 14.5 kilo ohms.

Check power source line using the voltmeter, check voltage at the positive terminal. Turn the ignition switch to on position, connect the positive probe of voltmeter to the negative side of terminal to engine body or ground. Approximately 12 volts power supply.

Check primary circuit by checking lose connection in the primary circuit. Battery, ignition switch, ignition coil, condenser, contact point. Grounded circuit can lead to malfunctioning of ignition system and produce spark. Check the open wire.

Check the contact point for corrosion and burns produced by the electric arcing when contact point close.

Check the distributor cap from corrosion, breaks and oil. Carbon contact at the cap center tower breaks that it cannot contact with the rotor.

Check the high tension cable from cracks, scratches, burns and open insulation. This can cause spark when it touches engine body. Test the high tension cable resistance, It must less than 25 kilo ohms.

Check spark plug by conducting spark test. Inspect spark plug gap. The gap ranges from 0.8 mm to 1.1 mm. Clean the spark plug tip. Inspect porcelain insulation for cracks.

Inspect rotor and distributor assembly. Check rotor tip from corrosion or bend. Check also distributor shaft for play. Condenser wire and contact point wire must not be grounded at distributor body.

Ignition System

Ignition came from a word ignite which means to set on fire. This system provides spark by the use of spark plug to burn the air and fuel mixture in the combustion chamber of an engine. The system operates by transforming 12 volts battery power to thousands of volts, enough to produce spark at the spark plug gap.

Components of Ignition System

Battery is the source of electrical power. The battery continually supplies electrical power needed by the system.

Ignition switch control the ignition system and other electrical circuits. Also called an automobile main switch.

Ignition coil is a transformer type device that transform the 12 volts battery power to 30,000 up to 60,000 volts. The coil is composed of two winding, the primary and secondary winding.

Distributor assembly is a device that distribute high voltage to the different spark plugs. It has also mechanism that advances the delivery of spark when engine is at higher RPM. The distributor also shaft opens and closes the contact point.

Contact point closes and opens the primary circuit to the ground so that the ignition coil can increase the voltage supplied by the battery.

Condenser is a device that absorbs and reduce electric arc when contact point closes.

High Tension Cables is the high voltage path from ignition coil secondary terminal to distributor cap center tower to different spark plug.

Spark plug is the device installed at the engine body and deliver high voltage to the combustion chamber by spark to ignite the air and fuel mixture.

Engine Classification

Engine Classification according to Fuel Used

Gasoline Engine uses gasoline as fuel. This engine uses carburetor to mix fuel with air and form it into a vaporized form before it goes into the cylinder and ignited by spark plug.

Diesel Engine uses crude oil as fuel. Air is compressed to rise up temperature and fuel is injected into cylinder in atomized form. Hot compressed air ignites the fuel.

Engine Classification according to Method of Cooling

Indirect Cooling System usually called water engine. Water circulates inside the engine through water jackets and absorbs heat to maintain engine operating temperature. Hot water is being cooled to the radiator.

Direct Cooling System usually called air cooled engine. Air is blown by the blower to the engine body with air fins to absorb heat.

Engine Classification according to Cylinder Arrangement

Vertical or Inline Engine has cylinders have vertical center lines arrange one after the other.

Horizontal Engine has engine with horizontal center line of cylinders.

V Type Engine has engine block or cylinders resembles a letter V shape.

Radial Engine has cylinders arranged in radial manner.

Engine Classification according to Valve Arrangement

T Head Arrangement has valves arranged in both side of cylinder block. All intake valves in one side all exhaust on the other side.

L Head Engine has intake and exhaust valves arrange in one side of cylinder block.

F Head Engine have intake valves in the cylinder head and exhaust valves on one side of cylinder block.

I Head Engine has all intake and exhaust valves located in the cylinder head block.

Parts of Automobile

The major parts of automobile are as follows:

Engine is the main source of power. It is a self propelled device that can produce power by itself through conversion of chemical to heat to mechanical energy.

The power or drive train unit consist of parts that transmit the power from the engine until it finally reaches the wheels. The conventional type composed of clutch, transmission, universal joints, propeller shaft, differential and drive axle. 

The running gear system consist of accessory units that assist the engine and the power train unit in enabling smooth operation running and control of the automotive vehicle. Running gear includes steering system, brake system, front and rear suspension system, wheels and tires, shock absorbers, linkages, leaf and coil spring, torsion bars and other accessory units.

The body is the compartment where the operator or driver and passenger or car goers are housed. The body includes the dashboards and instrument panel, seats, seat belts, lights, mirrors, wipers, air condition and other paraphernalia needed to provide comfort and safety to both driver and passenger.

The frame is referred to as skeleton of the automobile where the engine, power train unit, running gear system and body are attached together unitized into a  complete automobile.

The chassis unit consist of all parts of the automobile like engine, power train unit, running gear system and frame minus automobile body.

Cylinder Compression Test

Conducting a Cylinder Compression Test. Before conducting a compression test, disable the ignition and the fuel injection system if the engine is so equipped. Prop the throttle plate into a wide open position to allow an unrestricted amount of air to enter the cylinders during the test. Remove all of the engine's spark plugs.

Connect a remote starter button to the starter system. There are may types of compression gauges available. The screw in type tends to be the most accurate and easiest to use. Carefully install the gauge into the spark hole of the first cylinder.

Connect a battery charger to the car to allow the engine to crank at consistent and normal speeds needed for accurate test result. Depress the remote starter button and observe the gauge's reading after the first engine revolution. Allow the engine to turn through four revolutions and observe the reading after the fourth. he pressure from The reading should increase with each revolution. Readings observed should be recorded. Before removing the gauge from the cylinder, you can release the pressure from it using the valve on the gauge.

After testing all the cylinders. If one or more cylinders is much lower than the other, continue nder with testing those cylinder with the test. Squirt a small amount of oilring sealing into weak cylinder. Reinstall the compression gauge into that cylinder and conduct the test. If the reading increases with the presence of oil in the cylinder, the most likely cause of the original low readings was poor piston sealing. Using oil during a compression test is normally referred to as a wet test.

Drum Brake Parts

Here are the list of Drum Brake Parts:

Bleeder Screw Cap
Bleeder Screw
Wheel Cylinder Cup
Wheel Cylinder Boot
Wheel Cylinder
Wheel Cylinder Piston
Shoe to Shoe Spring
Strut
Strut to Shoe Spring
Parking Lever
Leading Shoe and Lining
Anchor
Retainer Pin
Trailing Brake Shoe
Shoe Hold Down Spring
Shoe Return Spring
Latch
Adjusting Lever
Stopper
Spring
Pin
Brake Drum

Four Stroke Cycle

Four Stroke Cycle has the following parts air and fuel, intake valve, spark plug, exhaust valve, combustion chamber, piston and crankshaft.

Four Stroke Cycle has four stroke mainly intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke and exhaust stroke.

Intake stroke is when piston move downward from top dead center to bottom dead center producing a suction force to draw air and fuel mixer to inter in cylinder from carburetor. The intake  valve is open allowing mixture of fuel get into cylinder. The exhaust valve is close to let only mixture get in.

Compression stroke is when the piston moves upward from bottom dead center to top dead center pushing the air and fuel mixture to get into a small space to prepare for combustion. The intake and exhaust valves are both close to ensure that no mixture of fuel escape from cylinder. At the end of this stroke, the spark plug delivers spark to ignite the fuel mixture until compression ends. In diesel engine, purely air is compressed to raise temperature and diesel fuel is injected at end of the stroke.

Power stroke is when the piston moves downward from top dead center to bottom dead center cause by the pressure produce by combustion or burning of fuel mixture. This is the source of power of an engine. The intake and exhaust valve are both close that no power can escape from the cylinder. Leakage of power during this stroke result to a low performance engine or lack of power.

Exhaust stroke when the piston moves upward from bottom dead center to top dead center pushing the burned gasses to get out of the cylinder. The intake valve is close and exhaust valve is open making a away for the exhaust gas to get out. At exactly end of this stroke, exhaust valve closes.

Parts of Whole Assembly Engine

Parts that composed the whole assembly of an engine are

Valves
Valve Spring
Valve Guide with Seal
Valve Spring Retainer
Rocker Arm
Push Rod
Camshaft
Cam Follower
Cylinder Head Gasket
Valve Seat Tensioner
Chain and Sprocket
Chain
Rocker Arm Cover
Piston
Piston Rings
Bearings
Connecting Rod
Piston Pin
Crankshaft
Flywheel
Oil Pump
Oil Seal
Oil Filter
Oil Strainer
Dip Stick
Water Pump
Fuel Pump
Intake Manifold
Exhaust Manifold
Cylinder Head Bolt
Ignition Coil
Contact Point
Distributor
Spark Plug
Starter Motor

Engine Parts

Engine is a device that can convert chemical energy to mechanical energy. Since this device works mechanically, it composed of several parts that work together during the operation. Parts are either stationary or non stationary, meaning some parts are moving and some are not moving. There are also parts that are fixed to the body yet have the vital role for engine operation. Engine can be divided into three main parts, the cylinder head block, cylinder block and oil pan. This means  an engine can be disassembled into three divisions. Each main part have several parts are attached to form as an assembly.

Cylinder block is the foundation of the engine. It is mostly made of cast iron or iron mixed with other metals such as nickel and chromium. Cylinder block has large holes for the cylinder bores. Attached to the block is the crankshaft, connecting rod, piston with rings, oil pump, water pump, timing gears, flywheel, bearings, oil seals, piston liners, camshaft in some engine and drilled oil passages with oil filter.

Cylinder head block is made of cast from cast iron or aluminum alloy. Parts attached to cylinder head block are valves, valve spring, valve guide, valve seat, rocker arm assembly, intake manifold, exhaust manifold, overhead camshaft, spark plug, fixed machined or drilled parts like water jackets, oil galleries, intake and exhaust ports.

Oil pan is made of plastic or metal. Pan is shape to fit the bottom of the cylinder block. Oil strainer and oil drain plug are attached to this part.

Automotive

Automotive industry is been a part of human lives. Considering the contribution of automotive industry to our daily living and in the development of the community. It seems impossible that this industry will be out of existence for the coming years. Instead this industry will be developed to provide more comfort and safety and environmentally friendly to be a better partner of human living.

Automobile can be defined as a land vehicle or carriage moving along the road through its wheels and used to transport or transfer people, goods, merchandise from one place to another. Some are used in earth moving works like construction of roads, building and establishments.